No judge or court shall decline to render judgment by reason of the silence, obscurity or insufficiency of the laws. Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws or the Constitution shall form a part of the legal system of the Philippines. When the courts declared a law to be inconsistent with the Constitution, the former shall be void and the latter shall govern.Īdministrative or executive acts, orders and regulations shall be valid only when they are not contrary to the laws or the Constitution. Laws are repealed only by subsequent ones, and their violation or non-observance shall not be excused by disuse, or custom or practice to the contrary. Rights may be waived, unless the waiver is contrary to law, public order, public policy, morals, or good customs, or prejudicial to a third person with a right recognized by law.

Acts executed against the provisions of mandatory or prohibitory laws shall be void, except when the law itself authorizes their validity. Laws shall have no retroactive effect, unless the contrary is provided. Ignorance of the law excuses no one from compliance therewith. This Code shall take effect one year after such publication. Laws shall take effect after fifteen days following the completion of their publication in the Official Gazette, unless it is otherwise provided. This Act shall be known as the 'Civil Code of the Philippines.' (n)Īrticle 2. Challenging and surprising, this a transformative new look at a rich and fascinating world we only thought we knew.AN ACT TO ORDAIN AND INSTITUTE THE CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINESĪrticle 1. Indeed, Indians were not living lightly on the land but were landscaping and manipulating their world in ways that we are only now beginning to understand. Mexican cultures created corn in a specialized breeding process that it has been called man's first feat of genetic engineering. The astonishing Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan had running water and immaculately clean streets, and was larger than any contemporary European city. NATIONAL BESTSELLER - A groundbreaking work of science, history, and archaeology that radically alters our understanding of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492-from 'a remarkably engaging writer' ( The New York Times Book Review).Ĭontrary to what so many Americans learn in school, the pre-Columbian Indians were not sparsely settled in a pristine wilderness rather, there were huge numbers of Indians who actively molded and influenced the land around them.

1491 second edition